English/English_문법·용법

자동사와 타동사

JJun ™ 2006. 3. 31. 11:38

자동사와 타동사

 


   ■ 동사의 종류
 

자동사
(목적어를 필요로 하지 않고 부사구나 보어가 올 수 있습니다. )

 1. 완전자동사 : 주어 + 동사  (목적어나 보어가 없음) 
                     ☞ 1형식 문형을 만든다.

 2. 불완전자동사 : 주어 + 동사 + 주격보어  (목적어 없고 보어는 필요)
                     ☞ 2형식 문형을 만든다.

타동사
(목적어를 필요로 하는 동사)  

 3. 완전타동사 :  주어 + 동사 + 목적어
                     ☞ 목적보어를 필요로 하지 않는 동사로 3형식 문형을 만든다.

 4. 수여동사 :  주어 + 동사 + 간접목적어 + 직접목적어
                     ☞ 2개의 목적어 즉 간접목적어(I.O)와 직접목적어(D.O)를
                        필요로 하는 동사로 4형식 문형을 만든다.

 5. 불완전타동사 :  주어 + 동사 + 목적어 + 목적격보어
                     ☞ 목적보어를 필요로 하는 동사로 5형식 문형을 만든다.

    
       1.
완전자동사  

    
         완전자동사는 자동사 자체가 주어의 동작이나 상태를 완전하게 나타내므로, 보어를 필요로 하지 않는다.

    ① 완전자동사는 보어나 목적어의 도움 없이 단독으로 주어의 동작이나 상태를 나타내는 동사이다.
        그러나 동사를 수식하는 부 사(구), 주어나 목적어를 수식하는 형용사(구) 등이 수반되어 1형식 문형도
        얼마든지 그 길이가 늘어나고 복잡해 질 수 있다.
      * 
    A white rabbit   with pink eyes   ran   close by her
    .
                 S                형용사구        V      부사구
      * Any time will
    do
    . (=좋다,충분하다)
      * What he said does not
    count
    . (=be important)
      * Your age doesn't
    count
    when you learn. (=be important)
      * It doesn't
    matter
    when she will leave.(=be important)
      * It
    matters
    little whether it rains or not. (=is important)
      * Much
    remains
    for us to do.
      * The clock hasn't
    worked
    since I dropped it on the floor. (=operate)
      * The charm
    worked.
    (주문이 효과를 나타냈다.)
      * Nowadays farming doesn't
    pay
    .(=수지맞다)
      * It
    pays
    to read good books. (= is profitable)
      * Farming doesn't
    pay
    these days. (=be profitable)
      * Anyone will
    do
    if he is honest. (=be satisfactory 괜찮다)
      * The earth
    moves
    .
      * I believe that ghosts
    exist.

      * She
    moved a little towards him.
      * There
    stands
    an old tree in front of my school.
      * Away
    flew
    the little bird.
      * Every minute
    counts
    .
      *The dog
    made
    towards me.
      * I
    go to church on sundays.     * Nowadays farming doesn't pay.

         pay는 타동사로 쓰이면 지불하다, 청산하다의 뜻. 자동사로 쓰이면 보답하다, 수지가 맞다의 뜻.
         be가 완전자동사로 쓰이면 존재하다, 있다.
         do가 완전자동사로 쓰이면 편리하다, 충분하다, 알맞다.
     
     
    ② 완전자동사의 도치 구문
        There+완전자동사(be, live, come, stand ...)+주어: 이때 there는 특별한 뜻이 없다(유도부사).
        [(주어)가 ~하다]의 뜻.
        *
    There came in a young man with an enormous nose.
         (장소.방향의)부사(구)+완전자동사+주어: 강조를 위한 도치이다. 단 주어가 대명사일 때는
         [주어+완전자동사]의 어순이 된다.
        * 
    Among the crowd arose a great shut.

     
     ③ 자동사 + 전치사 = 타동사구
         *
     I graduated from
    Korea University.
         * The sound of radio upstairs
    interferes with
    my work.

           
    wait for/on, add to(증가시키다), interfere with, attend on(=wait on)
           reply to, result in/from, attend to(유의하다), graduate from, complain of/about
           consist of,answer for, conform to, insist on, participate in(참가하다)
           experiment with(실험하다),arrive at, allow for(참작하다), call on, call for(요구하다)
           operate on, look after, admit of(-의 여지가 있다.), laugh at, look for

       ④ 수동의 뜻을 가지는 자동사
          * 
    The book sells
    well.
          * The pen
    writes
    smoothly.(부드럽게 써진다.)
          * The car
    drives
    well.(운전이 잘 된다. 운전하기 쉽다.)
          * The cloth
    washes
    easily.(빨래가 잘 된다.)
          * The book
    reads
    well.(읽기 쉽다.)

              1. 자동사로 사용되어 특별한 뜻을 갖는 동사
     
               pay(수지에 맞다), make(~을 향해 가다), be(있다), do(충분하다)  
               matter(중요하다), count(중요하다),  last [지속되다] burn, sing, move, work, exist

       2. 3형식으로 착각하기 쉬운 1형식 동사   
       graduate(~을 졸업하다), complain(~을 불명하다), wait(~을 기다리다) 
       experiment(~을 실험하다), sympathize(~을 동정하다), consent(~을 승낙하다) 
       interfere(~을 간섭하다) , read [읽혀지다]
       

              2. 불완전 자동사  
               
    불완전 자동사는 동사가 주어의 동작이나 상태를 완전하게 나타내지 못하므로,
                  그것을 보충하는 보어 즉,  주격보어  를 갖는다.  
     

      ⓐ be (이다)

      ⓑ become(되다) : become, get, grow, turn, go, come, run, fall, prove, make

      ⓒ 지각 동사류 : feel, taste, sound, smell, look

      ⓓ remain 류 (..인 상태가 되다) : remain, keep, lie, hold, continue, stand 


      (1) 주격 보어 : 주어의 뜻을 보충해주는 말로, 주어의 상태나 동작을 나타냄

         ① 명사 : S=C

         ② 형용사 : S≠C (S의 상태)

        * His hobby is collecting stamps. (hobby=collecting )

        * He is collecting stamps. (He≠collecting )

        * His job is to teach English. (job=to teach )

        * He is to teach English. (He≠to teach )

       (2) 불완전 자동사의 종류

        ⓐ be동사 [∼이다]  Her acting was superb.

        ⓑ [∼이 되다]

           ① become

              
      He became a teacher.
                 
              He became impatient.


       
             He become a composer. (He = a composer)

           ② get / grow / turn / fall / prove

             He grew old.

             She was growing fat.


             She is getting better.
       

             He got very angry. =He was in great anger.

             He turned pale.

             I fell asleep at the wheel.
       

             The wound prove (to be) fatal. 

           ③ go / come    He went red with anger.

              
      Her dream(S) came(V) true(C) in the end(ad).
       

              He will go mad.

       
             The lady went blind at the shock.
       

      go + 형용사 <나쁜 상태로 변화>

      come + 형용사 <좋은 상태로 변화>

      go bad : go mad
      blind: go asleep
      free : 석방되다
      hungry: out of date :

      come true : (=be realized)
      right : 잘되다
      undone: (끈이) 풀리다
      (untie)

            ④ run / make
               run high , run wild : 방목해두다
               run riot : 방탕하다(만발하다) run mad : run dry :
               
      She will make a good wife.
               Provisions were running short.
       

        ⓒ 감각동사 + 형용사:   look, feel, sound, smell, taste
            
      * feel ∼ : ∼처럼 느끼다.  * taste∼ : ∼하게 맛이 나다.
            * smell∼ : ∼하게 냄새가 나다.   * sound∼ : ∼하게 들리다.

        
           She(S) looks(V) beautiful(C).  
          
        She looks happy.  
             She looks excited.

       
           It smells fishy to me.

             I felt annoyed.
       
             It sounds great.   That sounds strange.
             It tastes delicious.
       

        ⓓ 상태유지동사[계속 ∼하다 / ∼한 상태가 되다]

          This food(S) hold(V) good(C) for two months(ad).
       

          (이 음식은(S) 2개월동안(ad) 유효(C)하다(V). )

          
      The result   remains  a secret
      . (The result=a secret)
                 S             V           C

       
          He remained faithful.

           It remained unchanged.  

           She remained unmarried all her life.

           She kept silent all the time.

           The boys kept quiet.

           The ticket holds good for three days. (=remain effective)

           I remained awake at night. (주어의 상태)
       

        ⓔ [∼인 것 같다]

           She appears sensible.

           She appeared to be satisfied.

           He seems sad.

           She always seems angry.
       
       

      (3) 자동사와 타동사가 의미가 다른 경우

        ① become  ㉶ 되다 He became a teacher.

                      ㉹ 어울리다  Her new dress becomes her well. (=match, go well with)

        ② grow  ㉶ 되다 He grew old.  ㉹ 기르다 He is growing a beard.

        ③ run    ㉶ 달리다 He ran in the rain.     되다:  The well ran dry.
       
                    
       ㉹ 경영하다
       He runs a small shop.

        ④ turn   ㉶ 되다 He turned pale.    ㉹ 돌리다 He turned his back.

        ⑤ stand ㉶ (서)있다  There stands a tall tree.  

                     ㉹ 참다
      He couldn't stand such manners.


                 3. 완전타동사  
                 뒤에 목적어가 와야 주어의 동작 및 상태를 나타낼 수 있는 동사이다.
                     목적어는 주어의 동작을 받는 대상으로, 보어와는 구별된다. 목적어는 기본적으로 명사,
                     대명사이며 보통 [...을(를)]로 해석된다.
                     목적어가 될 수 있는 어구 : 명사, 대명사 외에도 명사 상당어구로서 부정사, 동명사,
                     that절, 의문사절(간접의문문) 등이 있다.  

      ▼ make, keep, catch+ 명사, 대명사
      ▼ like, wish, agree + 부정사
      ▼ mind, enjoy, finish + 동명사
      ▼ live, dream, sleep, breathe + 동족목적어
      ▼ overeat, present, absent, pride + 재귀대명사
      ▼ hope, say + 명사절

      ⓐ  make, keep, catch , have + 명사·대명사

          The doctor  have  a new library. (They ≠ a new library)
                  S         V         O

           He always keeps his word [promise].

           I keep my promise. 

      like, wish, agree + 부정사

          I don't want to say good-bye.

      mind, enjoy, finish + 동명사

          Do you mind opening the window?

      live, dream, sleep, breathe + 동족목적어

        : 자동사가 같은 어원의 명사를 목적어로 취할 수 있으며,

          같은 어원의 목적어를 동족목적어라 함.
       

      laugh a laugh,   smile a smile , dream a dream,  fight a battle

      sleep a sleep,   die a death , live a life , breathe one's last (breath)

          He dreamed a strange dream. (3형식)

          = He dreamed strangely. (1형식)

          He lived a dog's life. (3형식)

          = He lived like a dog. (1형식)

          He lived a happy life (3형식)

          = He lived happily. (1형식) 

         * 최상급 다음에는 동족목적을 생략.

           She smiled her brightest (smile).

           He breathed his last (breath).

           He shouted his loudest (shout). 

      overeat, present, absent, pride + 재귀대명사

          1) overeat, oversleep, overwork

          2) present oneself (출석하다)

          3) absent oneself from (결석하다) =be absent from

          4) pride oneself on (자랑하다) =be proud of

          5) help oneself to (맘껏 들다)

       
             Please help yourself to the fruit. 

       ⓕ hope, say + 명사절

           1)[hope, say]+ 명사절

             I hope that you will succeed. (O)
       

      동사

      + that 절

      + to 동사원형

      +목적어+to 동사원형

      hope

      ×

      say

      ×

      ×

      want , warn

      ×

      expect


           
      I hope you to succeed. (×)

           She said that she was innocent. (O)

           She said to be innocent. (×)

        2)[want, warn]+ to 동사원형 (불완전타동사)

           I want you to try it again. (O)

           I want you should try it again. (×)

           I warned him not to smoke. (O)

           I warned that he should not smoke.(×)

        ● 1. 자동사 + 전치사 = 타동사 :  목적어가 없는 자동사는 전치사가 있어야 목적어를 취할 수 있다.
                  반대로 타동사는 목적어가 바로 따라 오므로 전치사가 필요 없다.

                          2. 자동사로 착각하기 쉬운 타동사 :  (    ) 안의 전치사를 쓰면 틀린 문장이 된다.
                              address (to) ,    accompany (with),  approach (to): ~에 다가가다,
 
    attend (at) :~에 참석하다
                              await (for) ,    reach :~에 도착하다,   discuss (about) :~에 대해서 언급하다,
                              follow (after),     leave (from),   marry (with) :~와 결혼하다,  mention (about) :~에 대해서 언급하다                               enter :~안으로 들어가다,     resemble (with) :~과 닮다,     answer (to),     explain (about) ,
                              greet :~에게 인사하다 , affect, approach, board, contact, follow, join, meet, obey, report,
                              surpass, survive

                The new policy will not affect us.(x on)
                You must answer the question.(x to)

       
               I approached the top of the mountain.(x to, at)

        We will contact you sooner or later.(x with)
        He entered the building by a side door(x into)
        They discussed the problem.(x about)
        He explained the accident.(x about)
        The man followed me out of the room.(x after)
        I'd like you to join the party.(x to)
        I had to leave the party early.(x from)
        He's going to marry her soon.(x with)
        When are you going to meet him?(x with)
        He forgot to mention a new movie.(x about,to)
        They had to obey the order.(x to)
        He reported the accident.(x about)
        She resembles you in appearance.(x with)
        She surpassed her mother in sports.(x on)
        She survived her husband.(x after)

                          3. 타동사로 착각하기 쉬운 자동사 :  전치사와 함께 써야 목적어를 취할 수 있다.
                              account for 설명하다   agree to 동의하다    arrive at   complain about   graduate from
                              go into  listen to 듣다   look for   object to   reply to  start from  wait for  apologize to,
                              assent to, compensate for, compete with, consent to, dissent from,
                              interfere with, participate in 
                          
    You have to apologize to her for being late.

        He assented to her proposals.
        That compensates for her lack of experience.
        No book can compete with this.

        He couldn't consent to the marriage.

        The boss dissented from the opinion.

        She graduated from Harvard.

        That doesn't interfere with my work.

        He wanted to participate in the game.

        She had to reply to his letter.  

                          4. 수여동사로 착각하기 쉬운 완전타동사 :  목적어 하나만을 가지는 완전 타동사이다.
                             announce,  explain,  suggest,  endow,  supply,  provide,  furnish,  fill,  present
 
                       
deprive(~을 빼앗다), rob(~을 강탈하다), clear(~을 치우다), 
 
                   
     strip(~을 벗기다), release(~을 경감시키다), cure(~을 치유하다)

                            
 He suggested Mary that she take a walk every day. (×)
                             He suggested to Mary that she take a walk every day. (○)
                            Tom explained me the situation. (×)
                            Tom explained the situation to me. (○)

                  4. 수여동사  
                      
완전 타동사 중 목적어를 두 개 필요로 하는 동사를 수여 동사라 한다. 타동사가
                          두개의 목적어를 갖는 경우, 「~를」의 뜻을 나타내는 목적어를 직접 목적어라고 하고,
                         ~에게」의 뜻을 나타내는 목적어를 간접 목적어라고 한다.
                        
「주어+술어 동사+간접 목적어(I.O)+직접 목적어(D.O)」는 문장의4형식을 이룬다.
 
                            Mother  made  my sister  a dress.
                                S       V       I.O      D.O
                           직접목적어가 될 수 있는 어구 : that절, 의문사절, 부정사 등이 있다.
                           I asked him whether he knew the answer.
                          (나는 그에게 (그가) 그 대답을 알고 있는 지를 물었다.)

                        ◎ 4형식의 전환 : 간접목적어는 [전치사(to, for, of)+간접목적어]의 형태로
                                직접목적어 뒤에 올 수 있다.  이때 [전치사+간접목적어]는 부사구이므로
                                3형식 문형이 된다.
                                      

               
a. 간접 목적어에 수식 어구가 붙어 직접 목적어보다 긴 경우
                                 I told the news
to everyone I met
.
                                (나는 내가 만난 모든 이에게 그 소식을 전했다.)
                           b. 간접 목적어를 강조할 경우
                                She bought the skirt
for Jane
.
                                (그녀는 다른 사람 아닌 제인을 위해 그 스커트를 샀다.)
                           c. 직접 목적어 또는 두개의 목적어가 모두 대명사일 경우
                                Send it
to him. (그것을 그에게 보내거라.) 

        to 를 쓰는 경우→ pay, bring, hand, deny, sell, send, lend, give, show, teach, tell, write
            for 를 쓰는 경우 → buy, build, make, get, order.
        leave, choose, cook,
            of 를 쓰는 경우→ ask. inquire
            on 를 쓰는 경우→ play, impose, bestow, confer...

           * I gave her the book. (4형식) → I gave the book to her. (3형식)
           * He
        gave me a book. →He gave a book to
        me.
           * She'll
        make you some tea. →She'll make some tea for
        you.
           * I paid him the money. → I paid the money to him.
           * I will buy you a watch. → I will buy a watch for you.
           * I asked him a question. → I asked a question of him.
           * He played me a trick → He played a trick on me.
           * He
        asked me a difficult question →He asked a difficult question of
        me.
           * She showed the lady another hat. →  She showed another hat to the lady .
           * Mr. smith bought his son a bicycle. → Mr. smith bought a bicycle for his son.
           * May I ask you a favour?  → May I ask a favour of you?  

        간접목적어를 문미로 보낼 수 없는 동사
            : envy, save, forgive, pardon 등......
            
        * I envy him his patience. (○)
           → I envy his patience to him. (×)

                         5. 불완전타동사 :      
                    
 ① 목적어와 목적 보어를 필요로 하는 동사가 불완전 타동사이다.
                        
「주어 + 술어 동사 + 목적어 + 목적 보어」는 문장의 5형식
을 만든다.

주어(S)

술어 동사(V)

목적어(O)

목적 보어(O.C)

This

made

the American

angry.

                     
                           (이것이 그 미국인을 화나게 했다.)

                          위와 같은 S+V+O+O.C의 문장에서는 O=O.C의 의미가 포함되어 있다. 즉, 위의
                          예문에서도 각각 The American was angry, The strait is the Strait of Magellan의 
                          뜻이 포함되어 있다.

                          
 advise, allow, ask, cause, compel, enable,
encourage, expect, force, impel, induce,  
                           influence, invite,  mean, oblige, permit, persuade, recommend, remind, request, tell,
                           want,  warn, would like

   
                         ②
목적 보어
가 될 수 있는 품사는 형용사나 명사, 현재분사, 과거분사, 부정사, 또는 명사절 등이다.

                             a. 현재분사가 목적보어인 경우
                                 He kept me
waiting
for three hours.                     
                                (그는 내가 세시간 동안 기다리게 했다.)

                             b. 과거분사가 목적보어인 경우
                                 I could not make my voice
heard
.                      
                                 (나는 내 목소리가 들리게 할 수 없었다.)

                             c. 부정사가 목적보어인 경우
                                 We expect him
to be diligent
.    
                                (우리는 그가 근면하기를 기대한다.)
                     
                             d. 명사절이 목적보어인 경우
                                 Diligence has made him
what he is
.  
                                (근면이 오늘날의 그를 만들었다.) 

        I ordered him to go.
        I believe him diligent.

        The news made us happy.
        They elected him chairman.
        He advised me to wait.
        Please allow me to go.
        Ask him to pay it.
        That caused me to fail.
        He compelled me to go.
        That enabled me to find her.
        Encourage him to study Spanish.
        I expect him to show up.
        She forced me to do it again.
        That impelled me to give up.
        That induced me to go there.
        That influenced me to go there.
        Invite him to come.
        I meant it to be polite.
        That obliged him to go.
        Permit us to leave now.
        Persuade them to come.
        He recommended me to order that.
        Remind him to attend the meeting.
        The requested me to finish it by tomorrow.
        He told me not to say a word.
        I wanted him to kiss me.
        He warned her not go there alone.
        I would like you to come earlier.  
        I had him (to) build my house.
        = I had my house built by him
        .
         
        We call him Little Joe.
        They painted the house white. 
        The news made him happy.